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Most do not justify it. Just like people do not justify things like money laundering or drug trafficking. They just do it! Its a way of life for them. The thought of paying for softwares is preposterous for them. They do not care that the developers don't earn enough for their efforts. But those with a conscience tend to make one or more of the following point I don't have enough moneynIt doesn't matter that I'm pirating loads of other ignorant nbs must be buying the software. Developers can make their money off them!nI'm just trying out the software. If I really italic like it I'll go ahead and buy the premium editionnwhy should I buy it if I won't be using it that frequentlyneverything should be free! this is the age of information! and no one should make a profit out of knowledge or toolsnthe only reason I'm pirating it is because the software isn't open-source and free-to-use like it's supposed to be! For the pirates these justifications are valid in their own eyes and hence they continue with what there doing. Software Developers Movie Producers Record-labelpanies throw one lawsuit after the other at the people hosting websites that cater to the pirates yet 1 more sites replace the one that has been crushed by the court of law. And in my opinion this will continue indefinitely. The only way to curb piracy is to provide well-supported free alternatives that is marginally better than paid services and earning revenues through sponsorship and advertisements Look at Spotify for example A cloud-based music playback software. Any track any artist anywhere! Advertisement supported of course but if you take the premium subscription you can get rid of that as well ! Now who would want to download mediocre-quality music when they have that. Only those who don't have a 3G connection and want to listen to music offline I presume. But it is not unrealistic to believe that in the future using such services may be the norm instead of the exception The internet is strewn with such examples. you have GIMP as an alternative to Photoshop Open Office as an alternative to Microsoft Office Linux as an alternative to WIndows OS Mac OS the list goes on! I guess we'll have to wait for a decade more to see whether Piracy is squashed evolves or is replaced by a more pragmatic solution. -Maverick

They were too early. Before iOS and Android smart phones were dominated by Blackberry and the Windows Mobile platform. Keep in mind smart phones meant something quite different back then - it can connect to the internet but the concept of an app ecosystem was missing (it was missing in the first gen iPhone too). In retrospect a couple of key technologies were missing or were not ready for prime time before 27 - mobile processor speed wasn up to par and multi-touch was not ready for mass production. People also forgot that Microsoft (Bill Gates in particular) was the first to be hot and heavy about Tablets. Tablet PCs were introduced in 21 same year as the first iPod. Of course it was nothing like the iPad that we all came to love but the concept was there. Microsoft just didn have the hardware to pull off a great user experience. I had a convertible tablet PC in 24 when I first started working. It was a big and heavy piece of crap and I hated it with a passion. Fast forward to 216 my wife got an HP envy as a personal PC it was thin light fast and all around awesome. The surface tablet was a tour de force of a device I own one and it is a joy to use. Bottom line again BillG and MSFT had the vision of what the future could look like they just couldn bring it all together. Both of these speaks to the fundamental issue (and philosophical) difference between Microsoft and Apple. You asked why Microsoft failed at mobile - it this Microsoft failed because it was too glued to the business model of doing only Software and not the hardware. As a result Microsoft innovated massively on the software but couldn exert it power or bring its considerable resources to accelerate the hardware development to truly build a device that doesnpromise user experience. Now it is generally acknowledged that if you want to build something transformational full vertical integration is key - Apple Amazon (AWS) Tesla SpaceX were just some of the more prominent example of extremely vertically integratedpanies churning out incredible innovative products. This was perhaps BillG and SteveB biggest mistake with Mobile - It not like Microsoft didn know how to do Hardware + Software Xbox36 was a huge hit. They knew how to build hardware and software together they just didn. Windows Mobile started out life as an offshoot of Windows and was never given the same status priorities as Windows and because SteveB overarching strategy was Windows First other potentialpeting platform needed to either be folded in as part of the Windows ecosystem or they were killed off entirely. Had Microsoft taken the apple approach of building their own hardware and software in house for the mobile and tablet PC you would likely see iphone ipad like devices as early as 24 Lots of the key features form factors were already converging towards the full touch screen as early as 22 and technologist at the forefront of innovation certainly knew by then the future was touch multi-touch. I don doubt Microsoft had the technical chops to pull it off.

I've talked with several people today in Silicon Valley and here's another theory VCs are looking for the next Facebook. History teaches us there WILL be another big idea toe along. After all Microsoft came after IBM. Google came after Microsoft. Facebook came after Google. Who is next? As a VC you want to make a bunch of smaller bets to make sure you're part of the next $1 billion idea. Putting $41 million down doesn't seem like that big a deal once you start considering that Facebook will probably blow the doors open with a $1 billion IPO (and LinkedIn will have a good IPO too). So you're a VC sitting on Sand Hill Road and a team you trust and likees in and says that they have a way to build a new kind of graph one that mixes people and locations. You start getting hot and bothered. You already realize how big a deal Facebook is and wish you had invested in Foursquare which is confidently taking over as the location plumbing for a raft ofpanies. You saw how Instagram got to millions of users so freaking quickly and are kicking yourself you didn't get in on that. You will NOT let this team walk out the door without getting in in a big way. This is how Path got its valuation too. The problem is that to get to be the next Facebook you've gotta go through the users first. They are harder to get though than the investors as Color is learning today (their iTunes review score is running about two and worse on Android's marketplace. Forparison Instagram has five stars and Path has 3.5). Plus now every entrepreneur who has a good idea will make sure they add Sequoia to their Sand Hill Road tours. That's brilliant and it only cost a small percentage of the overall fund Sequoia raised. Sort of like Silicon Valley's Super Bowl ad for VCs.

I like Steve Pallen user 1966227 s answer but I wanted to suggest a different way of thinking. As programmers and problem solvers we should be thinking about how to solve our problems. If it is profitable or helpful to think of a problem in a certain way then we should do that. For example if it helpful to think of an application as containing a collection of independent activities we should think of it like that. Maybe were writing a game and each player can explore a castle on their own possibly encountering other players. Erlang and Elixir are great for this because they have ways to say a player has an avatar that is entity that has certain possessions a position in the game receives instructions from the human player about what to do and then does whatever it been instructed to do. You can write this idea very directly by having a player module that has a start() or new() function to create a new player. The player can then get on with its life receiving messages from the human player updating its state sending messages to other entities in the game falling through a whole in the floor. The problem with asking should I use threads is that it rather like asking should I use vector multiply or thepare exchange instruction. You should if it helps you but really we should think spend more time thinking about our atmospheric model or whether two players can share the same wand. In fact the usual thing people mean by threads is a very low-level abstraction thates with a huge amount of baggage. It like programming in assembly language again. Making concurrency so hard to use discourages people from using it when it appropriate. Erlang and Elixir (and I assume Go though I haven used it) make it easy so now you can think more about your problem rather than murky implementation details that a goodpiler and runtime system can do much better than you can. These language say to you if you want independent activities just tell me what they can do and Ill figure the rest out for you. If you have a problem that has concurrent activities then use something that lets you encode concurrent activities easily don go back to first principles and implement the same things over and over. italic Don program in assembly language unless you have to (or unless you just want to have some hacker-style fun). Ill give you an example of a similar cognitive change I experienced. When I took Data Structures in the stone age we learned about hash tables. Hash tables were hardcore! You needed a hash function (which required intense number theory skillsbined with bit manipulation facility). Then you had to manage memory. You had to handle collisions. You had to maintain a reasonable load factor in the table. What a good load factor? You have to collect usage logs and collect data. My heavens who would go to the trouble? I remember thinking that Im only going to use one of these when it REALLY matters and I have no choice. This is the advice you often hear about threads theyre hard; concurrency and synchronization are tricky; and they have too much overhead and are too hard to map onto cores; etc. But in modern times you get languages that give you cheap (to you!) hash tables. Python dictionaries Ruby hashes Javascript objects etc. etc. Theyre easy! (Work is always easy when someone else does it -) I can tell you how often I use Python dictionaries. I use them for everything even for dictionaries that contain a few items (or even none Ill just iterate over the contents and do nothing if one is empty). Passing named parameters to a function application configuration tables mapping some numbers to functions that encode policies for various things storing nodes in a graph. Theyre lightweight and now I use them whenever they solve my problem. italic Key idea Making useful abstractions helps us solve problems. Threads are an implementation technology (or a family of implementation technologies). They should be used when they solve a problem but an awful lot of thread programming is just re-inventing the same patterns over and over again. Mutexes condition variables barriers message passing and on and on. Like writing loops with tests and jumps. Blech! Threads should be used to implement useful higher-level abstractions that solve real problems. We do see more and moremon libraries add-ons to support higher-level patterns like data parallel operations and message passing. Use them. We (or rather the BEAM folks) know how to implement message passing efficiently for example. Use it. If you need to optimize later you can but free your mind first. Of course another reason to write a threads-based program is to learn to write threads-based programs so that you can implement those higher-level abstractions.

Mobile Operating Systems 1. Android OS (Google Inc.) The Android mobile operating system is Google's open and free software stack that includes an operating system middleware and also key applications for use on mobile devices including smartphones. Updates for the open source Android mobile operating system have been developed under dessert-inspired version names s (Cupcake Donut Eclair Gingerbread Honeb Ice Cream Sandwich) with each new version arriving in alphabetical order with new enhancements and improvements. 2. Bada (Samsung Electronics) Bada is a proprietary s Samsung mobile OS that was first launched in 21. The Samsung Wave was the first smartphone to use this mobile OS. Bada provides mobile features such as multipoint-touch 3D graphics and of course application downloads and installation. Did You Know? italic In theputer industry italic proprietary italic s is the opposite of italic open italic s . A proprietary design or technique is one that is owned by apany. It also implies that thepany has not divulged specifications that would allow otherpanies to duplicate the product. italic 3. BlackBerry OS (Research In Motion) The BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by Research In Motion for use on thepany popular BlackBerry s handheld devices. The BlackBerry platform is popular with corporate users as it offers synchronization with Microsoft Exchange Lotus Domino Novell GroupWise email and other business software when used with the BlackBerry Enterprise Server. 4. iPhone OS iOS (Apple) Apple's iPhone OS was originally developed for use on its iPhone s devices. Now the mobile operating system is referred to as iOS and is supported on a number of Apple devices including the iPhone iPad iPad 2 and iPod Touch. The iOS mobile operating system is available only on Apple's own manufactured devices as thepany does not license the OS for third-party hardware. Apple iOS is derived from Apple's Mac OS X operating system. 5. MeeGo OS (Nokia and Intel) A joint open source s mobile operating system which is the result of merging two products based on open source technologies Maemo (Nokia) and Moblin (Intel). MeeGo is a mobile OS designed to work on a number of devices including smartphones netbooks tablets in-vehicle information systems and various devices using Intel Atom and ARMv7 architectures. 6. Palm OS (Garnet OS) The Palm OS is a proprietary mobile operating system (PDA operating system) that was originally released in 1996 on the Pilot 1 handheld. Newer versions of the Palm OS have added support for expansion ports new processors external memory cards improved security and support for ARM processors and smartphones. Palm OS 5 was extended to provide support for a broad range of screen resolutions wireless connections and enhanced multimedia capabilities and is called Garnet OS. 7. Symbian OS (Nokia) Symbian is a mobile operating system (OS) targeted at mobile phones that offers a high-level of integration withmunication and personal information management ( PIM s ) functionality. Symbian OSbines middleware s with wirelessmunications through an integrated mailbox and the integration of Java and PIM functionality (agenda and contacts). Nokia has made the Symbian platform available under an alternative open and direct model to work with some OEMs and the smallmunity of platform development collaborators. Nokia does not maintain Symbian as an open source development project. 8. webOS (Palm) WebOS is a mobile operating system that runs on the Linux s kernel s . WebOS was initially developed by Palm as the successor to its Palm OS mobile operating system. It is a proprietary Mobile OS which was eventually acquired by HP s and now referred to as webOS (lower-case w) in HP literature. HP uses webOS in a number of devices including several smartphones and HP TouchPads. HP has pushed its webOS into the enterprise mobile market by focusing on improving security features and management with the release of webOS 3.x. HP has also announced plans for a version of webOS to run within the Microsoft Windows operating system and to be installed on all HP desktop and notebookputers in 212. 9. Windows Mobile (Windows Phone) Windows Mobile is Microsoft's mobile operating system used in smartphones and mobile devices 3 with or without touchscreens. The Mobile OS is based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel. In 21 Microsoft announced a new smartphone platform called Windows Phone 7. Did You Know...? According to data s from the International Data Corporation (IDC) worldwide smartphone shipments declined .5% in 217 the first year-over-year decline the market has experienced since the introduction of what we now know as smartphones. Smartphonepanies shipped a total of billion devices in 217 with nearly all of that volume running either the Android or iOS platforms. Desktop OS macOS (formerly Mac OS X and later OS X) is a line of open core s graphical operating systems developed marketed and sold by Apple Inc. s the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently shipping Macintosh s puters. macOS is the successor to the original classic Mac OS s which had been Apple's primary operating system since 1984. Unlike its predecessor macOS is a UNIX s operating system built on technology that had been developed at NeXT s through the second half of the 198s and up until Apple purchased thepany in early 1997. The operating system was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1. s followed in March 21 by a client version ( Mac OS X v1. Cheetah s ). Since then six more distinct client and server s editions of macOS have been released until the two were merged in OS X 1.7 Lion s . Linux The Linux kernel originated in 1991 as a project of Linus Torvalds s while a university student in Finland. He posted information about his project on a newsgroup forputer students and programmers and received support and assistance from volunteers who succeeded in creating aplete and functional kernel. Linux s is Unix-like s but was developed without any Unix code unlike BSD and its variants. Because of its open license model the Linux kernel s code is available for study and modification which resulted in its use on a wide range ofputing machinery from supeputers to smart-watches. Although estimates suggest that Linux is used on s only % of all desktop (or laptop) PCs it has been widely adopted for use in servers and systems such as cell phones. Linux has superseded Unix on many platforms and is used on most supeputers including the top 385. Many of the sameputers are also on Green5 s (but in different order) and Linux runs on the top 1. Linux is alsomonly used on other small energy-efficientputers such as smartphones s and smartwatches s . The Linux kernel is used in some popular distributions such as Red Hat s Debian s Ubuntu s(operating_system) Linux Mint s and Google s 's Android s(operating_system) Chrome OS s and Chromium OS s . Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary s operating systems designed by Microsoft Corporation s and primarily targeted to Intel architecture basedputers with an estimated 88.9 percent total usage share on Web connectedputers. The latest version is Windows 1 s . In 211 Windows 7 overtook Windows XP as mostmon version in use. Microsoft Windows was first released in 1985 as an operating environment s running on top of MS-DOS s which was the standard operating system shipped on most Intel architecture personalputers at the time. In 1995 Windows 95 s was released which only used MS-DOS as a bootstrap. For backwardspatibility Win9x could run real-mode MS-DOS and 16-bit Windows 3.x s drivers. Windows ME s released in 2 was the last version in the Win9x family. Later versions have all been based on the Windows NT s kernel sputing) . Current client versions of Windows run on IA-32 s x86-64 s and 32-bit ARM s microprocessors s . 28 s#cite_note-28 In addition Itanium s is still supported in older server version Windows Server 28 R2 s . In the past Windows NT supported additional architectures. Server editions of Windows are widely used. In recent years Microsoft has expended significant capital in an effort to promote the use of Windows as a server operating system s . However Windows' usage on servers is not as widespread as on personalputers as Windowspetes against Linux and BSD for server market share. ReactOS s is a Windows-alternative operating system which is being developed on the principles of Windows 3 without using any of Microsoft's code. Other There have been many operating systems that were significant in their day but are no longer so such as AmigaOS s ; OS s from IBM and Microsoft; classic Mac OS s the non-Unix precursor to Apple's macOS; BeOS s ; XTS-3 s ; RISC OS s ; MorphOS s ; Haiku s(operating_system) ; BareMetal s and FreeMint s . Some are still used in niche markets and continue to be developed as minority platforms for enthusiastmunities and specialist applications. OpenVMS s formerly from DEC s is still under active development by Hewlett-Packard s . Yet other operating systems are used almost exclusively in academia for operating systems education or to do research on operating system concepts. A typical example of a system that fulfills both roles is MINIX s while for example Singularity s(operating_system) is used purely for research. Another example is the Oberon System s(operating_system) designed at ETH Zufcrich s%C3%BCrich by Niklaus Wirth s Jufcrg Gutknecht s%C3%BCrg_Gutknecht and a group of students at the former Computer Systems Institute in the 198s. It was used mainly for research teaching and daily work in Wirth's group. Other operating systems have failed to win significant market share but have introduced innovations that have influenced mainstream operating systems not least Bell Labs' Plan 9 s .

9 Popular Mobile Operating Systems 1. Android OS (Google Inc.) The Android mobile operating system is Google's open and free software stack that includes an operating system middleware and also key applications for use on mobile devices including smartphones. Updates for the open source Android mobile operating system have been developed under dessert-inspired version names (Cupcake Donut Eclair Gingerbread Honeb Ice Cream Sandwich) with each new version arriving in alphabetical order with new enhancements and improvements. 2. Bada (Samsung Electronics) Bada is a proprietary Samsung mobile OS that was first launched in 21. The Samsung Wave was the first smartphone to use this mobile OS. Bada provides mobile features such as multipoint-touch 3D graphics and of course application downloads and installation. Did You Know? In theputer industry proprietary is the opposite of open. A proprietary design or technique is one that is owned by apany. It also implies that thepany has not divulged specifications that would allow otherpanies to duplicate the product. 3. BlackBerry OS (Research In Motion) The BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating system developed by Research In Motion for use on thepany popular BlackBerry handheld devices. The BlackBerry platform is popular with corporate users as it offers synchronization with Microsoft Exchange Lotus Domino Novell GroupWise email and other business software when used with the BlackBerry Enterprise Server. 4. iPhone OS iOS (Apple) Apple's iPhone OS was originally developed for use on its iPhone devices. Now the mobile operating system is referred to as iOS and is supported on a number of Apple devices including the iPhone iPad iPad 2 and iPod Touch. The iOS mobile operating system is available only on Apple's own manufactured devices as thepany does not license the OS for third-party hardware. Apple iOS is derived from Apple's Mac OS X operating system. 5. MeeGo OS (Nokia and Intel) A joint open source mobile operating system which is the result of merging two products based on open source technologies Maemo (Nokia) and Moblin (Intel). MeeGo is a mobile OS designed to work on a number of devices including smartphones netbooks tablets in-vehicle information systems and various devices using Intel Atom and ARMv7 architectures. 6. Palm OS (Garnet OS) The Palm OS is a proprietary mobile operating system (PDA operating system) that was originally released in 1996 on the Pilot 1 handheld. Newer versions of the Palm OS have added support for expansion ports new processors external memory cards improved security and support for ARM processors and smartphones. Palm OS 5 was extended to provide support for a broad range of screen resolutions wireless connections and enhanced multimedia capabilities and is called Garnet OS. 7. Symbian OS (Nokia) Symbian is a mobile operating system (OS) targeted at mobile phones that offers a high-level of integration withmunication and personal information management (PIM) functionality. Symbian OSbines middleware with wirelessmunications through an integrated mailbox and the integration of Java and PIM functionality (agenda and contacts). Nokia has made the Symbian platform available under an alternative open and direct model to work with some OEMs and the smallmunity of platform development collaborators. Nokia does not maintain Symbian as an open source development project. 8. webOS (Palm) WebOS is a mobile operating system that runs on the Linux kernel. WebOS was initially developed by Palm as the successor to its Palm OS mobile operating system. It is a proprietary Mobile OS which was eventually acquired by HP and now referred to as webOS (lower-case w) in HP literature. HP uses webOS in a number

The following MAY help increase the performance of your Laptop. Software part- italic n UNINSTALL anything and everything that you don't use including those claiming to 'speed up' your system. Go to 'run'-- prefetch --press enter -- delete everything you can.n Go to 'run'-- temp --press enter -- delete everything you can. Defragment your C drive (or the drive where Windows is installed) and schedule a periodic defragmentation. Install a registry cleaner (I use Argente Registry Cleaner) and clean the registry. NEVER install anything FREE (doesn't apply to open source software though) especially those which claim to 'speed up your PC' without knowing what you are doing. Install Revo Uninstaller Pro (I am using a crack version). Perform all future uninstallations using this. Hardware Part- italic As you are using a 64 bit OS try increasing the RAM. Buy new RAM sticks of higher capacity if available. Try to keep your machine cool . Remove unwanted plastics covers and let it breathe freely. Consider buying a cooling pad. ordered-list